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The people suspected them of poisoning fountains, of killing children,
of profaning the consecrated host; often the people rose against them,
massacred them, and pillaged their houses. Judges under the least
pretext had them imprisoned, tortured, and burned. Sometimes the
church tried to convert them by force; sometimes the government exiled
them _en masse_ from the country and confiscated their goods. The Jews
at last disappeared from France,[45] from Spain, England, and Italy.
In Portugal, Germany, and Poland, and in the Mohammedan lands they
maintained themselves. From these countries after the cessation of
persecution they returned to the rest of Europe.

FOOTNOTES:
[41] Exodus iii, 1-10.
[42] There is much uncertainty regarding the chronology of this
period.--ED.
[43] The Talmud is the accumulation of these commentaries.
[44] The Jewish Quarter at Rome was called the Ghetto. This name has
since been applied to all Jewish quarters.
[45] Except at Avignon, on the domains of the Pope, and in
Alsace-Lorraine.


CHAPTER IX
GREECE AND THE GREEKS

=The Country.


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