Sec. 4. Thermodynamics: Historical work of Massieu,
Willard Gibbs, Helmholtz, and Duhem--Willard Gibbs
founder of thermodynamic statics, Van t'Hoff its
reviver--The Phase Law--Raveau explains it without
thermodynamics.
Sec. 5. Atomism: Connection of subject with preceding
Hannequin's essay on the atomic hypothesis--Molecular
physics in disfavour--Surface-tension, etc., vanishes
when molecule reached--Size of molecule--Kinetic
theory of gases--Willard Gibbs and Boltzmann introduce
into it law of probabilities--Mean free path of gaseous
molecules--Application to optics--Final division of
matter.
CHAPTER IV
THE VARIOUS STATES OF MATTER
Sec. 1. The Statics of Fluids: Researches of Andrews,
Cailletet, and others on liquid and gaseous states--
Amagat's experiments--Van der Waals' equation--Discovery
of corresponding states--Amagat's superposed
diagrams--Exceptions to law--Statics of mixed fluids--
Kamerlingh Onnes' researches--Critical Constants--
Characteristic equation of fluid not yet ascertainable.
Sec. 2. The Liquefaction of Gases and Low Temperatures:
Linde's, Siemens', and Claude's methods of liquefying
gases--Apparatus of Claude described--Dewar's
experiments--Modification of electrical properties of
matter by extreme cold: of magnetic and chemical--
Vitality of bacteria unaltered--Ramsay's discovery
of rare gases of atmosphere--Their distribution in
nature--Liquid hydrogen--Helium.
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